The world's great masters of Chemical Physics, the father of atomic theory ---- the founder of modern chemistry Dalton
Dalton (John Dalton ,1766-1844) British chemist .1766 was born on September 6 Kanbo Lei, Manchester died in 1844. father is a farmer and artisans. childhood was poor, no money to go to school, plus a color-blind person is, but his amazing perseverance, self-taught in rural primary schools .1778, 1781 should be invited to a cousin in the town of Kendall, any secondary school teachers, with the help of the philosopher, self Gough Latin, French, mathematics and natural philosophy and began to natural observation, recording weather data, from .1793 in learning improved a lot any of the new Manchester College professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, in 1796, he served as the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society member, he served as the 1800 Secretary of the Council in 1817 was promoted to president in 1816, elected corresponding member of French Academy of Sciences, elected 1822 Royal Society .1826, the British government of the Royal Society's first gold medal awarded to Dalton .1807, discovered law of multiple proportions, which combined two elements B for a variety of compounds, and a certain quality of a combined elements of the B element of the quality of the Internet into a simple integer ratio, and use of hydrogen as a standard for comparison.
proposed atomic theory, , partial pressure of the gas laws.
1808-1872, the br> .1303 founded atomic theory atomic theory of the simple inheritance of ancient Greece and Newton corpuscular theory, atomic theory was proposed, and its main points: (1) of chemical elements can not be separated from the particles m atoms, all the chemical changes it is no longer points smallest unit. (2) the same nature and quality of the atomic elements are the same atoms of different elements of the nature and quality vary, atomic mass is one of the basic characteristics of elements. (3) combined different elements, the atoms in a simple integer specific binding. derived and experimentally proved law of multiple proportions. If an element of quality is fixed, then the other elements in the quality of various compounds into simple integer ratio must.
first atomic weight in the determination of the work, proposed to the relative way to strike a comparison of the elements of atomic weight, and delivered the first atomic table, atomic weight for the subsequent determination of elements in the work opened up a bright prospect.
proposed to use simple symbols to represent the composition of elements and compounds.
In addition, Dalton in meteorology, physics contribution is also very prominent. He is a weather fan, since 1787 as a junior high school physics teacher in a continuous observation of the weather starts, never ceased to insist on the 56 years, until the earlier death hours until all the records of his more than 20 million pieces .27 at the age of the publication of formation process, water evaporation process, the distribution of atmospheric phenomena such as precipitation, by readers like .1801 partial pressure of the gas laws also proposed that the pressure is equal to the total gas mixture components and the partial pressure of gas. He also measured the water The relationship between the density and temperature coefficient of thermal expansion and the gas phase and so on. Unfortunately, Dalton was stubbornly opposed to the rescue of his doctrine of Avogadro molecular mass as l16 read and published papers, major works include The British Government is well-known scientists in Europe called for under the pension was granted, but it still saved up Dalton, dedicated to the University of Manchester for student scholarships. Dalton's life, as Engels pointed out: a new era of chemical starting from the atomistic, so Dalton should be the father of modern chemistry.
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the rise of modern chemistry is a discipline, numerous scientific pioneers of the discipline laid a theoretical foundation, the United Kingdom physicists, chemists, John? Dalton is one of them. Dalton theoretical thinking has both a keen mind, and with excellent experimental skills, particularly in the study of atoms has made remarkable achievements, which known as the . On this basis, 1803 also found that the compounds of multiple proportions, the atomic weight of elements of the concept put forward, and made the first atomic table.
Cumberland Dalton was born in England, a poor country, His father was a textile worker. At that time, the early stages of the first industrial revolution, many farmers became bankrupt employed workers. Dalton's life was a hardship, Dalton, a brother and a sister, all because of hunger and disease and mortality. Dalton did not read the conditions of childhood, but a little reluctantly accepted primary education, ten years old, he went to a priest as servant of the rich. Maybe it would be the fate of a chance given to him, He has a home in the priest read some books, an increase of a lot of knowledge. Then two years later, he was elected as the village primary school teachers.
1781, the only fifteen-year-old Dalton with his brother to the field to make a living. Soon after, he became a high school teacher Kendari ear. Apart from teaching, his side of the system of scientific self-knowledge, while the meteorological observation. Here he met a well-known scholar Hauff (Johann Hauf), Hao He husband studied there a lot of knowledge, teaching has improved rapidly, four years later, he became the school's principal .1793 Kendari ear, at the recommendation of Hauff, Dalton has employed a new Manchester College. In Here he published his first scientific work m to go into science, Dalton left the college. He made a few wealthy private teacher at home every day to teach no more than two hours. In this way, both make a living but also guaranteed his research. Now, He more and more emphasis on the study of gases and gas mixtures. Dalton believes that to explain the characteristics of the gas pressure must know it. He found it easy to separate the two gases, gas mixtures were measured, and the part of the gas pressure. outcome is very interesting, packed in a certain volume of container in a gas pressure is constant, the pressure increased after the introduction of the second gas, but it is equal to the partial pressure of the two gases and the two separate pressure gas has not changed. So Dalton concluded: mixed gas composed of the total pressure is equal to its partial pressure of various gases and. Dalton found this can make some important conclusions, the existence of gas in the state of the container nothing to do with the other gases. with a particle structure to explain the gas is a gas or atomic particles uniformly distributed in the other gas atoms, and thus this gas out of the particulate nature of the container, said there is no other as a gas. Dalton began more research on the atom, he tenaciously to research, find information, hands-on labs, and constantly thinking hh
1803 年 9 6, Dalton, in his notes points in the atomistic wrote:
(a) of the atom is composed of chemical elements, very small, not in separate particle of matter. atoms in chemical reactions to maintain its original character.
(b) All atoms of an element with the quality and other properties the same. different elements have different atomic mass and other properties. atomic mass of atoms of each element of the most fundamental characteristic.
(c) simple numerical atoms of elements than when the chemical reaction between atoms generated compounds. compounds the complexity of atoms as atoms.
(d) an element of the atom and the other compounds of atoms, they are the into a simple numerical ratio between.
the same year, October 21, Dalton reported on his chemical atomic theory, and presented his second paper, . Dalton's theory has aroused great attention from the scientific community. He was invited to lecture in London a few months later returned to Manchester to continue the work of atomic weight measurements. In some cases, Dalton also encountered some difficulties. Some substances generate different oxide oxidation, which is a phenomenon difficult to explain, of course, analysis of previous tests have been carried out, in order to calculate, Dalton can only use the results; sometimes he found in the original results of the literature is obtained by the side of a scientist, in order to ensure the reliability of Dalton to do it again. dalton atomic weight of the resulting lot is not accurate, but in fact he is today calculated from the so-called equivalent. For example, he determined the atomic weight of oxygen is 7 rather than 16.
1804 years later, Dalton and on the chemical composition of methane and ethylene analysis of experiments, he found that methane hydrocarbon ratio is 4.3:4; and ethylene in the hydrocarbon ratio is 4.3:2. He thus introduced the ratio between hydrocarbons and found a law of multiple proportions: two elements generate the same two or more of the compounds, if one of the elements of quality unchanged, and the other elements in the relative weight of compounds into simple integer ratio. dalton law of multiple proportions that not only can be seen as a corollary of atomism, but also can be regarded as a proof of atomic theory. < br> 1807 years, Thomson in its Dalton's atomic theory documented in detail the main experiment and the main theory. Since then, Dalton's atomic theory was officially come out.
scientific theory, Dalton's atomic theory, following Lavoisier's oxidation theory After another major progress of theoretical chemistry, he reveals the nature of all chemical phenomena are atomic motion, a clear object of study of chemistry, chemical truly become a subject of great significance, since, chemistry and related disciplines have been flourish; in philosophical thinking, reveal the atomic theory of chemical reaction between the nature of the phenomenon and, following the birth of celestial evolution theory, and again at the impact of the rigid nature, the scientific methodology of development, the formation of the dialectical view of nature and the whole Epistemology and the development of great significance.
atomic theory is established, Dalton reputed UK and across Europe, all kinds of honor after another, in 1816, Dalton was elected to the French Academy of Sciences; 1817, Dalton was elected president of the Manchester Literary Philosophical Society; 1826, the British government awarded him the Gold Medal of Science; 1828, Dalton was elected member of the Royal Society; Since then, he has successively been elected Honorary Fellow of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, Munich Academy of Sciences, Honorary Fellow, Honorary Member of the Moscow Scientific Society, University of Oxford, was also received the highest award granted to scientists, the title of Doctor of Laws m. in honor of the face, Dalton began or calm, modest, but then more and more high honors, he gradually changed, becoming proud, conservative, and ultimately to the ideological rigidity, rest on its laurels.
1808, the French chemist Lussac found under the influence of the atomistic response of the volume of the gas laws, in fact, this law is Dalton's atomic theory of an argument, and later confirmed by other scientists, and applied to measure the atomic weight of the gas element. But Lussac's law has been rejected and opposed Dalton himself, he not only suspected Lvsa grams of experimental basis and theoretical analysis, but also he had a severe attack .1811, the Italian physicist Avogadro established a molecular theory, the law of Dalton's atomic theory and the new theory Lussac unified basis. He has also been a relentless refute .1813 Dalton, the Swedish chemist Julius Betsy force the creation of new elements with the letter method, this easy to write the new method is easy to remember the majority of scientists accepted, but Dalton has always been to death is a new symbol of opposition elements.
Although Dalton's little scientific contributions later in life, or even obstruct others to explore, people still gave him a deep nostalgia.
Dalton, British chemist identified the ancient grace, fuzzy hypothesis of the development of the atomic theory of atomic science for the development of modern chemistry laid an important foundation. Engels, the great revolutionary leader, said his reputation as the father of modern chemistry.
Dalton is how it scaled the heights of science? his own answer is this: If the people around me than I get more accomplished, then the main mm No, I can say almost simply because of unremitting efforts mm . some people more than others achievements, mainly because they put the question that they can be more focused than the general population and uphold, rather than because of his talent much higher than others.
This is the Road Hamilton's personal experience, but also lessons learned of his success. We as a scientific truth from his experience of a lifetime struggle, you can gain a deeper understanding of this famous Dalton.
self-taught path
Doyle Dayton is to rely on the efforts of tireless self-taught .1766 on September 6, Dalton was born in northern England, a backwater. father is a bit thin and kind of the weavers, the mother gave birth to 6 children, 3 a result of living in poverty and mortality. Dalton, age 6, in the village church-run primary schools. just finished primary school, to drop out of school due to financial difficulties. but he loved reading, the gap is to insist farm self. He's diligent the attitude of the village called by the appreciation of Robinson's relatives. Robinson take the initiative to use at night to teach him mathematics and physics. to the age of 15, Dalton's knowledge has been greatly improved, and he came home to the nearby town of Kendal, president of the Church in his cousin as an assistant school teacher. In this school, he still insisted the side of hard work, while energies into reading, whether it is mathematics, natural science, or philosophy, literature books, he extensively covered. It is said that in this school 12 years, he read more books than more than 50 years later. It is this hard to learn as he was teaching and later laid a solid foundation for scientific research .
in Kendal town, there is a name John? ho big blind scholar, he was 2 years old suffering from smallpox and blindness. With his strong determination and outstanding talent, through self-study has mastered Latin, Greek and French, but also in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, plants, science and other disciplines of the wealth of knowledge, a well known scholar. Dalton has found from his role model, active door thanks Hauff for the division, with He studied mathematics, philosophy and Latin, Greek.
1793, the Dalton recommended by Hauff, came to Manchester, employed in a new school as a lecturer in mathematics and physics. Later he opened a chemistry course , systematic study of chemical knowledge is from here. In the study, Dalton has a valuable tenacity. elementary school, turning the operation more difficult question, he always insisted that problem solved. To The Ministry of school when the students went home, he often ended sitting in the classroom, problem solving buried. In Robinson, the infection, he started early meteorological observations. In Kendall, Mengfu guidance and to He mastered the record of meteorological diary, from the age of 21, Dalton recorded meteorological diary, adhere to a full 57 years. until the day before death, he wrote down a meteorological observation. was this tenacity that he took over learning one after another learning difficulties. humbly ask for advice and tireless self-Dalton finally become a knowledgeable scholar.
Manchester, the rise of the British industrial revolution in the center of the textile industry is one of the assets of the emerging important activities of the proletariat class and fort. some from the new lower middle class scientists, entrepreneurs, businessmen, engineers, doctors and writers, philosophers spontaneously organized to promote science and technology for the purpose of the scientific community of civil Manchester mm Literary and Philosophical Society. They meet regularly, read the papers on natural science, philosophy, literature, civil law, commercial and a variety of process issues, ideas are active. in the Industrial Revolution made outstanding contributions to some of the entrepreneurs, scientists, thinkers have participated to this Society in the past, learn to actually become the industrial revolution of the General Staff. Dalton to Manchester shortly after, and soon took part in the activities of the Society. Most of his research in the Institute's regular meeting read this Society publications published his papers up to Bai Yupian, Dalton's research activities are closely linked to the Institute. Because of his broad knowledge, others with sincerity, style simple, we all respect him, he was elected in 1808 Society vice president, and president in 1817 until his death.
Dalton in Manchester first paper published, not the weather, nor a physical problem, but an article on the color-blind study. All in all, things out by accident. Christmas Dalton for the mother bought a pair of dark blue socks that his honor the elderly. When he gave his mother, the mother was harshly questioned him, why buy a pair of red socks. in accordance with local religious practices, women taboo red. which Dalton found his own distinctive color discrimination ability. which, after careful investigation he found his brother just like him, have abnormal color vision capabilities, while others people with this disease. for which he wrote a dissertation, there is color blindness in humans this disease. Dalton's discovery has aroused the public's attention, so often referred to in the UK will be color-blind patients Dalton .
knowledge increases, so Dalton was to in-depth study and solve several scientific problems, have to pay more time and effort. To this end, in 1799 he resigned from the College decisively busy teaching, from Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, by a studio, but also in the studio rented a shabby houses nearby, poor to begin his new life of scientific research-based. According to his landlord, said: Dalton's life is very law, almost every day, go to lab and make a fire before breakfast, after breakfast to work, work until lunch when out. something to eat lunch, went into the lab, has been busy at 9 pm, After dinner, take a break to read to the middle of the night into the house. This kind of life as regular as clock work, . diligent study, hard study, so that the scientific mountain climbing Dalton made the results one after another.'s long-term meteorological observations and reflections on various issues the atmosphere quite naturally led him to study the physics of gas nature. He used his hands a variety of instruments designed to study carefully the atmosphere, water vapor and other gases and evaporation, compression, expansion and other physical phenomena, but also the composition of the atmosphere, the state of the gas mixture, gas diffusion, gas dissolved in water and other questions, experimental study. From 1301, he completed one after another ; the composition of the gas mixture, thermal expansion, changes in the law, so the gas is now commonly known as the Dalton's law of thermal expansion of a cover, Lussac's law, and shortly thereafter, Dalton further put forward the famous law of partial pressure of the gas mixture, the pressure of the gas mixture is equal to the components under the same conditions and with the pressure. These physical properties of gases and experimental research to guide risk Dalton scientific way to climb to new heights.
science made
by atomistic meteorological observation and research on the physical properties of gases, Dalton often think such a question: Why compound the atmosphere, or by two or more elastic fluids (gases) cited in the composition of the mixture constitutes a uniform appearance body? he was determined to explain the common natural phenomenon.
He has assumed a variety of substances (gases) are constituted by the same particle size. law of partial pressure of mixed gas of a gas of particles that can be evenly distributed in the other among species of gas particles. gas diffusion is similar to the physical process. Thus Dalton that the structure of matter particles exist, the size of these particles may be, even with microscopes can not see. Then he remembered BC Greek philosopher's atomic hypothesis, and he chose this term to refer to these atomic particles.
Newtonian mechanics in his theory, that the movement of particles in the material, the same-sex repulsion, heterosexual attract. According to this thinking, Dalton assumed the gas mixture, a class of gas atoms does not exclude another gas atom, is only similar atoms mutually exclusive. So how do you confirm that the gas atoms exist? Doyle Dayton that it was important to determine the relative quality of various atoms and particles of different atomic composition of the new synthesis. was a chemist in the chemical reaction of gaseous compounds, for Dalton's study provides some experimental data, but still far from meeting He calculated the relative atomic mass of various needs, this Dalton made some bold assumptions and reasoning. First, he From a physical point of view, assuming the same volume of gas at the same temperature and same pressure, contain the same number of atom. If this assumption can be established, he can measure the relative density of the steam to convert the relative quality of the gas atoms. However, he oxygen and hydrogen found in experiments in synthetic water, water vapor density was much less than the oxygen of the steam density. So he suspected use of atomic vapor density method to measure the relative quality of work. (with the current point of view, as long as the Dalton to the determination of elements by atomic particles on the right, but unfortunately there was no such Dalton understanding.)
not work using experimental methods of physics, Dalton turned to chemistry. under the water of oxygen from the 35 and 15 formed the experimental results of hydrogen, oxygen and hydrogen have been combined mass ratio; and the ammonia gas analysis has been combined nitrogen and hydrogen mass ratio. With this mass ratio is not enough, the particles must also know whether the compound is composed of several atoms, the atoms relative to the quality of translation. this made by Dalton particles of atoms (molecules) of the basic principles. between two elements A and B, if only there is a compound, whose numerator is AB if there are two compounds, the molecular as AB, ABB, or AAB; if there are three, the may be the AB, AA China ABBhh, in such a provision, he is the atomic weight of hydrogen as a benchmark, the use of chemists on the analysis of some substances, the relative translation of a number of atomic mass, which is the world's first atomic relative mass of a table recorded in the September 6, 1803 Dalton's diary, which happened to be 37-year-old Dalton's birthday, and thus more meaningful.
1803 年 10 months, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society of time activities, Dalton for the first time about his atomic theory. His basic point of view can be summarized in three points:
(1) element is very small, no longer composed of sub-atomic particles mm, atoms of all chemical change can not be divided, and maintain their own unique character.
(2) the quality of the same element all the atoms in nature are identical. atomic mass of different elements and different nature, each element of atomic mass is One of the basic features.
(3) combined different elements, the atoms combine in simple integer ratio.
Although Dalton's atomic theory was later found that there are many mistakes, but his description on the atoms, quantify the atomic weight of the pioneering work of far-reaching, the first time is a speculative concept of atoms into a certain quality can be measured by the test material entity. atomism he explained his process, he also found that consistent with his atomic theory, an experimental fact: when the two elements of B can combine to form several different compounds, then these compounds with a certain quality of a compound of the element relative to the quality of B elements into simple and more interaction integer ratio. such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the same amount of carbon compounds and oxygen, the mass ratio of 1:2. nitride oxygen, biogas (methane) and into a gas (ethylene), are also present in this law. So Dalton first proposed the formulation of the law of multiple proportions. multiple proportions from the experiment, as we soon understood and accepted, become a solid argument for one of the atomic theory of the experiment.
immortal performance brilliant image
1804 summer, when quite well known in the UK chemist Thomas? visited Dalton Thompson. Dalton briefed him on his own atomic theory, Thomson extremely drinking tours, he held on to time, in 1807 he published the book new system of philosophy origin and development, including his views on the basic atomic theory. Volume 1810 published in the next volume, which focused on the fact that combined with chemical experiments, the use of the atomic theory of the composition of some elements and compounds, the nature of introduction. s Volumes I and II was published until 1827, it focused narrative of metal oxides, sulfides, and the nature of the alloy, the atomic theory was further developed the idea.
the first to propose the atomic theory of the first ancient Greek philosopher De Die Cleveland Special (BC 476 a 370), he felt material is composed of many particles, these particles called atoms, meaning indivisible, many generations have accepted the views of Crete German model, but they assume that only by imagination and no experimental basis. giants of modern science is also an atomic theory of Newton, but his pen the size of the atomic number of different but essentially the same particles. Dalton's atomic theory is not the same, he thinks the same shape and size of atoms are the same, is different atoms of different elements, each element of the atomic mass is fixed, and atomic weight is the basic characteristics of atoms. In contrast, we find that the nature of Dalton's atomic theory has been developed.
Dalton atomic theory proposed new concepts and new ideas, chemists soon became an important theory to solve practical problems. First, it is clearly explained by being used at the time law of definite proportions, equivalent law. At the same time This theory makes a number of chemical phenomena a unified interpretation. in particular the introduction of atomic weight, atomic mass is the basic characteristic of chemical elements in the idea, and guide the chemist to quantitative research and qualitative research combine to study the chemical to a new level. revolutionary teachers Engels commented, there are plans to have not been conquered areas of attack, can be well-planned, compared to a fortress besieged. .1816 French Academy of Sciences elected a foreign corresponding member of .1822 Dalton in Dalton, I did not seek the views, the British co-opted him as a member of the Royal Society. then he has been appointed an honorary fellow of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, Moscow Honorary Member of Association of Amateur Science, an honorary fellow of the Munich Academy of Sciences. this is not the slightest interest in Dalton, he is still as in the past, his enthusiasm and energy dedicated to science, continue to engage in atomistic studies, determination of various elements atomic weight, continue to live that simple life-style and intense seclusion. Dalton's poor live, especially the rough housing and difficult working conditions, so are attracted visiting scientists by surprise. because of their loud calls, the British Government starting in 1833 only care about Dalton's life, he decided to give him ? 150 a year meager pension for his old age.
1837 年 4 months, he just turned 70 years old, unfortunately, stroke, post-treated condition has improved, right again to continue working as usual. until the night of 26 July 1844, he trembled in the Notes with the last one under the weather diary. The next morning, he like the baby sleep quietly into the saliva as the. the age of 77. on the death of Dalton, Manchester people were very sad, when the City Hall immediately make a decision to grant the scientist son the title of honorary citizen, his body will be placed in City Hall .4 million more people went to a constant stream of condolences .8 12 when the public funeral, the funeral procession more than 100 wagons, hundreds of people on foot to follow, street shops are closed, to show mourning. A lifelong bachelor, not future generations there is no money in the general public, in the death to get this unusual courtesy, we can see the respect people Dalton.
Dalton, born in England in 1766. is a self-taught by the great scientists., its biggest achievement was the creation of a scientific atomism. Dalton remarkable .1794 life research, he color-blind through the eyes of their own, for the first time that the phenomenon of color-blind human eyes. He age 21, Take the enthusiasm and strong determination, use of free time every day observing astronomical phenomena, and as diaries, 50 years as one day, write down a number of observations. He meteorological research, extended to study the composition and nature of the atmosphere; from study of the atmosphere extends to study physics and gas pressure, volume, diffusion and dissolution issues; then and from the gas diffusion, dissolution studies, extended to study the structure and chemical composition of matter, and ultimately leads to and established his scientific atomic On. Dalton has received the highest honor.
scientific atomism founded in Dalton before the French chemist discovered Prospero set in 1799 than in law, British chemist, discovered in 1800, David the law of multiple proportions. Dalton in the study found that the two laws and their own gas study results are consistent, then according to the proposed scientific atomism. He said that matter was made with a certain quality of atoms, the elements by the same types of atoms, the compound is a compound component of the combination of atoms, the atom is the smallest unit of chemistry, it will not change in a chemical change. atoms have mass, and thus to identify different An important method of atoms, it should be to identify their relative quality of the atomic weight. if at all appropriate cases, to know a few atoms and the other elements of an element of an atomic combination, can measure the elements The atomic weight to. Dalton established scientific atomism, so when some of the basic laws of chemistry has been the uniform interpretation, is when people understand the various chemical changes in materials a large integrated, large order. it soon as the chemical community acceptance and attention, so that a large number of atomic weight determination of chemists began to work vigorously to promote the development of chemistry.
Dalton (John Dalton) home is in northern England, a man called Ignatius Campbell Lanzhou Feld in rural .1766 September 6, he was born in a poor and many children's hand loom workers home. his father ...
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